tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30403659429627827802024-03-06T00:31:01.506-08:00Tamadun Islam dan Tamadun Asia (TITAS) - Tamadun ChinaUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-55127254889089546692012-04-12T06:13:00.000-07:002012-04-12T06:19:06.151-07:00SELAMAT DATANG KE BLOG TITAS INI!!!<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj46q__8Aays9rHIqA2tig47mXsLn-baqJQjVoAPqNDBkvDxqWgEaMab0feB-ZadJJUE4uo5vl-YMwUtviwTE5kQYJDWw3ObXOvcfRt8r_SW-3wOaUIZ-tGBaCHmXx4reIiaEm9aqY-SM4/s1600/ROC_PRC_comparison_eng.jpg" style="text-align: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj46q__8Aays9rHIqA2tig47mXsLn-baqJQjVoAPqNDBkvDxqWgEaMab0feB-ZadJJUE4uo5vl-YMwUtviwTE5kQYJDWw3ObXOvcfRt8r_SW-3wOaUIZ-tGBaCHmXx4reIiaEm9aqY-SM4/s320/ROC_PRC_comparison_eng.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730502286558015986" /></a></div><br /><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><b><span>WELCOME WELCOME ~</span></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinigjhUgU1Oo1HxnV9dKAovHGyDD9VZhfSvrDFsw-Ndm6LjfmlBGb8-TehlWJWfWHB3vQVhk3lu2MlAki8atDrAZi_1nyE3Fg3gzeE0tLF26-t1CUOG9nwVe6kvpMa1TmAmAFNoN3f6Zo/s1600/kobe-blask-masked-mamba.jpg" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinigjhUgU1Oo1HxnV9dKAovHGyDD9VZhfSvrDFsw-Ndm6LjfmlBGb8-TehlWJWfWHB3vQVhk3lu2MlAki8atDrAZi_1nyE3Fg3gzeE0tLF26-t1CUOG9nwVe6kvpMa1TmAmAFNoN3f6Zo/s320/kobe-blask-masked-mamba.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730502841354518034" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 249px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-56515552257994201522012-04-12T06:09:00.003-07:002012-04-12T06:12:58.513-07:00RIBUAN TERIMA KASIH UNTUK MENGUNJUNGI BLOG TITAS INI!!<div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; "><span >谢谢!!XIE XIE</span></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><b><span >BERTERIMA KASIH !!</span></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfRfRBWF0vjnt8L0a9hN2lLishzBDpFlZR3mma6U2xkObnbOh01Co2Tk6dapO9ffpf6Yg2wNuEk3MIVnjlpiyvCrnIwxGdS05_nyl26BJlrygytSPOU6kRLERM9v6sJ2XS2F9_EecEILU/s1600/thank+you.gif" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfRfRBWF0vjnt8L0a9hN2lLishzBDpFlZR3mma6U2xkObnbOh01Co2Tk6dapO9ffpf6Yg2wNuEk3MIVnjlpiyvCrnIwxGdS05_nyl26BJlrygytSPOU6kRLERM9v6sJ2XS2F9_EecEILU/s320/thank+you.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730501478029260898" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 50px; height: 50px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-77197466339636998042012-04-12T05:23:00.008-07:002012-04-12T06:08:31.748-07:00TEKNOLOGI CINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; ">Antara kurun ke-15 sehingga ke-11 SM, orang Cina sudah tahu akan teknik pengairan, pertanian, astronomi, cara membuat kalendar, dan penulisan.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; ">-Lebih kurang tahun 200 SM, mereka telah menghasilkan abah-abah yang diikatkan pada dada(<i>breast-strap harness</i>), dan kereta sorong (<i>wheelbarrow</i>) pada kira-kira tahun 200 SM.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0hGpqP-RxPkokgU4ypiqQRh2EJsgJGSh1I62x9Q9vqY2s4tNelqjuzPZWQMarQw7OtNmzfYAh4akVJCtUhYpkHJPHckoPsHE9HhoTPj8lJJCO22PsBmzi8aFNh9y0MeyETuqAZg0zKk/s1600/20097101582396.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0hGpqP-RxPkokgU4ypiqQRh2EJsgJGSh1I62x9Q9vqY2s4tNelqjuzPZWQMarQw7OtNmzfYAh4akVJCtUhYpkHJPHckoPsHE9HhoTPj8lJJCO22PsBmzi8aFNh9y0MeyETuqAZg0zKk/s320/20097101582396.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730499696804621986" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 239px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><u>Empat Penciptaan Agung</u></div><div><ul><li><span >kertas</span></li><li><span >pencetakan</span></li><li><span >bahan letupan</span></li><li><span >kompas</span></li></ul><span >(i) Kertas</span></div><div><span >- Dicipta oleh Cai Lun dengan menggunankan fiber tumbuh-tumbuhan sebagai bahan-bahannya pada thaun 105.</span></div><div><span >- Diperkenalkan ke dunia Barat melalui Jalan Sutera Lama (<i>The Old Silk Road</i>) dan tiba di Eropah pada kira-kira kurun ke-13.</span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDFeFMuf22LnuRHXeb9aP2QuUFQ7X-5m8YiwVLm39ppEQVGQbwnml29pHYXk1Z35V8FqwNNCIFJFuvLqfa8j0WM1h9yjXdQkMfjAXlikSYNXgdDXDqh_T2ic4YFfEkfkkKkNncXa9RiGs/s1600/Cai-lun.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDFeFMuf22LnuRHXeb9aP2QuUFQ7X-5m8YiwVLm39ppEQVGQbwnml29pHYXk1Z35V8FqwNNCIFJFuvLqfa8j0WM1h9yjXdQkMfjAXlikSYNXgdDXDqh_T2ic4YFfEkfkkKkNncXa9RiGs/s320/Cai-lun.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730499431310100178" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 256px; height: 320px; " /></a><div><div style="text-align: center;">Cai Lun</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZQ4cGZWfTVkfzDCaS1pxJXA7H4SI74HILkvhIhL-Y4mPhgv1PNlS-_qvFxR1jd1KcV6kDvft8fX-YoL1pYAT0_ldoM4DdEGQkt6LCEH5dXV7DdeQT73uQBNVOYu4Ig-ZS3xUVgchNq8/s1600/Hui_zi.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZQ4cGZWfTVkfzDCaS1pxJXA7H4SI74HILkvhIhL-Y4mPhgv1PNlS-_qvFxR1jd1KcV6kDvft8fX-YoL1pYAT0_ldoM4DdEGQkt6LCEH5dXV7DdeQT73uQBNVOYu4Ig-ZS3xUVgchNq8/s320/Hui_zi.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730499574581319810" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 220px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >(ii) Pencetakan</span></div><div><span >- Diperkenalkan semasa pemerintahan Dinasti tang (618-906).</span></div><div><span >- Fingangjing (Kitab Sutra Diamond) versi Cina bertarikh 11 Mei 868.</span></div><div><span >- Pada tahun 1045, Bi Sheng mencipta teknik pencetakan bergerak (<i>mobile-type printing</i>).</span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQXqyj74v6LsKvnb4CjplkUx8q5wF3uMHbIAddZ8QkbxGNJxqkkUIOALuz1M723_yb_HwjA3pADZ2nEyKH5ui_y39UqXhg8osc_ucgCKqxn8NVX1YMfYpn5Qwr8griArhyphenhyphenBzW0adUCKE/s1600/604282301481734.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQXqyj74v6LsKvnb4CjplkUx8q5wF3uMHbIAddZ8QkbxGNJxqkkUIOALuz1M723_yb_HwjA3pADZ2nEyKH5ui_y39UqXhg8osc_ucgCKqxn8NVX1YMfYpn5Qwr8griArhyphenhyphenBzW0adUCKE/s320/604282301481734.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730498409607912770" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Bi Sheng</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4Mj3WwRcZs1HQJnliQXdw2wcJIz6qrX72UWPCC53G2oa1IehmI42t6nbS9PKwxbHXaoJq4EsIeeKz2pTS_AXaI1vl8sufn70Rzwixo3qAWKJnL52JYQKbz4Wenwk3vztuZiYnZfVMJE/s1600/d3103857r.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN4Mj3WwRcZs1HQJnliQXdw2wcJIz6qrX72UWPCC53G2oa1IehmI42t6nbS9PKwxbHXaoJq4EsIeeKz2pTS_AXaI1vl8sufn70Rzwixo3qAWKJnL52JYQKbz4Wenwk3vztuZiYnZfVMJE/s320/d3103857r.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730498873003978626" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 255px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div><span >(iii) Bahan Letupan</span></div><div><span >- Dicipta oleh ahli-ahli alkimia Daois.</span></div><div><span >- Menjelang kurun ke-7, orang Cina sudah menggunakan bahan letupan untuk membuat bunga api.</span></div><div><span >-Digunakan dalam bidang militari pada tahun 906 oleh ketua tentera Tang (618-906).</span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB0Qx86-SOpbjC9CIaNMlNkGNCsdKI_pasUBN0kt_xm17emRVyKgTc_NjvNoNPHv9bxRpK9SVzUjErME3VHGGSGzdVMmuFvwQxaz28w0zxDXfnPenlb3KS5r_wBbStO7_14UPv7QpCHPs/s1600/gunpowder-residue-forensics-21285913.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB0Qx86-SOpbjC9CIaNMlNkGNCsdKI_pasUBN0kt_xm17emRVyKgTc_NjvNoNPHv9bxRpK9SVzUjErME3VHGGSGzdVMmuFvwQxaz28w0zxDXfnPenlb3KS5r_wBbStO7_14UPv7QpCHPs/s320/gunpowder-residue-forensics-21285913.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730500217087674370" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 296px; height: 213px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >(iv) Kompas</span></div><div><span >- Semasa Dinasti Han, sifat-sifat magnet sudah diketahui di negara China dan orang Cina menemui pengetahuan tentang gejala kemagnetan aruhan (<i>induced magnetism</i>) pada kurun ke-6, dan menjelang kurun ke-8 dan ke-9, ilmu pengherotan (<i>declination</i>) dan kekutuban magnet (<i>polarity</i>).</span></div><div><span >- Dengan segala pengetahuan ini, orang Cina telah menghasilkan kompas, yang pada mulanya digunakan di atas kapal.</span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_VTyfFjOYsiYCCWi1U2ggEEkovOtPGnxbwlymmQygGcC7otZqA99eR5eHqV7QDCN4FHsr8pHhBg0yEBJBz25kh_JS6PnqwlNHFCAEskARc86sgZvvnsJSo9Y0toTmA7ghPyMQJfmlnHA/s1600/800px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_VTyfFjOYsiYCCWi1U2ggEEkovOtPGnxbwlymmQygGcC7otZqA99eR5eHqV7QDCN4FHsr8pHhBg0yEBJBz25kh_JS6PnqwlNHFCAEskARc86sgZvvnsJSo9Y0toTmA7ghPyMQJfmlnHA/s320/800px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730497225660264306" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Kompas pada zaman Dinasti Han</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-38494233697537601302012-04-12T04:01:00.010-07:002012-04-12T04:38:39.553-07:00SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI CINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; ">Hasil arkeologi menunjukkan sains dan teknologi Cina sudah wujud pada kurun ke-15 sehingga kurun ke-11 SM. Teknologi kejuruteraan hidraulik yang mengawal banjir Sungai Kuning (Hwang Ho) menunjukkan kejayaan dan sumbangan Cina dalam aspek kejuruteraan.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">(i) Bidang Astronomi</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">-Pada zaman Dinasti Zhou, orang Cina mampu menyediakan katalog bintang, mencatat rekod tepat tentang gerhana dan komet.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">- Sumbangan terbesar ahli astronomi Cina ialah penghasilan peralatan astronomi dan penyelenggaran rekod astronomi yang sempurna, tepat dan sempurna.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">- Sistem kalendar Cina juga salah satu sistem yang paling awal, maju dan tepat.</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4F-nhc54Nt8IkJdXkBaH4NVqJ1GsQTYu92nupwZQrLimjgGX5qNn4vsSd7BO4HGWmhLO2NrZijYWS9m73CYG6PNLJH6KoBp9mq15nNYKP79jsNKSJgfJ3qa13xRzuBK_w_yXLsK_ER08/s320/chinese_astrology.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730475845149540450" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 309px; height: 320px; " /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">(ii) Bidang Matematik</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Penggunaan sempoa (<i>abacus</i>) disebut buat pertama kali pada kurun ke-2 dalam karya ahli matematik Xu Yue.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjfNZg29jFadeHR-Jg606v4GsKS3fYBKhZ-nhYX22tVcquCJmLqMHYsVg_cL0LMxu87HLngUQch8ffgwyvugu_e-HQSmAk8joJXNdBtUZ8AKD78kzd6AHE59cwHP_vVuHltQUZYY0TSM/s1600/abacus2.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjfNZg29jFadeHR-Jg606v4GsKS3fYBKhZ-nhYX22tVcquCJmLqMHYsVg_cL0LMxu87HLngUQch8ffgwyvugu_e-HQSmAk8joJXNdBtUZ8AKD78kzd6AHE59cwHP_vVuHltQUZYY0TSM/s320/abacus2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730476183015827234" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 265px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Sempoa (<i>abacus</i>)</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Jiuzhang Suanshu (Sembilan Bab Matematik) oleh Zhang Cang, mencatat catatan mengenai kuantiti negatif.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Mengenal pasti nilai pi, sistem pecahan dan sistem perpuluhan.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYPH6LYlqvAKJbkdLefncRbp4pIKS1rWqlAtYZmXsFv7WU4fzhNlctdMj1Zsxn41LzMyoZz7YsXcJ0_TsgWzSEQ1bxT9tvWBhVubBRLn74rziHW3bQKpVNY5UDSNtxOUkOaGY5tS6cgzA/s1600/more707b52a9508eb319c438.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYPH6LYlqvAKJbkdLefncRbp4pIKS1rWqlAtYZmXsFv7WU4fzhNlctdMj1Zsxn41LzMyoZz7YsXcJ0_TsgWzSEQ1bxT9tvWBhVubBRLn74rziHW3bQKpVNY5UDSNtxOUkOaGY5tS6cgzA/s320/more707b52a9508eb319c438.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730476815320639282" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Jiuzhang Suanshu (Sembilan Bab Matematik)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br />(iii) Bidang Perubatan.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Bersifat kepurbaan dan bebas daripada pengaruh asing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Rangka teori asas bagi perubatan Cina tradisional ialah teori kosmik dualistik, yin dan yang dan juga lima elemen.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Teori lima elemen menganggap badan manusia sebagai sebahagian daripada dunia fizikal ini dan organ dalaman seperti hati, jantung, limpa, paru-paru, dan ginjal.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Teonjing (saluran) dan Luo (kolateral), asas bagi rawatan terapeutik seprti akupuntur dan moxibustion (membakar daun moxa).</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Akupuntur melibatkan perbuatan memasukkan atau mencucuk jarum logam yang telah disteril.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Buku-buku mengenai perubatan dan farmakologi Cina tradisional:-</div><div><ul><li><span >Huangdi Nejing (Klasik Perubatan Maharaja Kuning)</span></li><li><span >Bencao Gangmu (Farmakopeia Agung), Li Shizhen (1518-1593)</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7BcPkuGDdrs1xvQww1OjZuTWPsZOcQonJT91oddlVD473_3Oxgx2F1jxBsalilFpy-f9gxltTCQG1cH8CRkTPrpFG0R1QhI1M-pm2KuFog695VCOIm2xj2PEQ-xTAc0kKehUzct7UoxM/s1600/doc11.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7BcPkuGDdrs1xvQww1OjZuTWPsZOcQonJT91oddlVD473_3Oxgx2F1jxBsalilFpy-f9gxltTCQG1cH8CRkTPrpFG0R1QhI1M-pm2KuFog695VCOIm2xj2PEQ-xTAc0kKehUzct7UoxM/s320/doc11.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730474236123715346" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 276px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Hua Tuo, tabib terkenal pada masa Zaman Negeri Berperang (San Guo)</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh3I3tHFAiUHtIRUcDZLjq9UzM-zCQzUiFSKlmaENNCBWmxFJD1LAXnV3g6kINcWTMOVOIcJaYMTCv4mqrD-1T6_ObTykXFTmjrI0LZC0wr9HFoU43uMRVtb5sRl_I5EV8MdD34GHkB9E/s1600/Li+Shizhen.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh3I3tHFAiUHtIRUcDZLjq9UzM-zCQzUiFSKlmaENNCBWmxFJD1LAXnV3g6kINcWTMOVOIcJaYMTCv4mqrD-1T6_ObTykXFTmjrI0LZC0wr9HFoU43uMRVtb5sRl_I5EV8MdD34GHkB9E/s320/Li+Shizhen.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730474797320519970" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 244px; height: 320px; " /></a></li></ul><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left; ">Li Shizhen (1518-1593)</span> </div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVTx_4E8PqtPdkaqSzeATD-ZOOVtZyXQDbS4R20lSF4jmtub6fTFDz4T8uYcJqGkd_hFyK20NEV0k2ZSdcwRemSpgbckdlgra8Ox1pvdNQ77O5xi4at6TfcGCwmWvYKsHR5y3YceF7FjY/s1600/49114.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVTx_4E8PqtPdkaqSzeATD-ZOOVtZyXQDbS4R20lSF4jmtub6fTFDz4T8uYcJqGkd_hFyK20NEV0k2ZSdcwRemSpgbckdlgra8Ox1pvdNQ77O5xi4at6TfcGCwmWvYKsHR5y3YceF7FjY/s320/49114.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730474928442936002" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 234px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center; ">Ben Cao Gang Mu</div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >(iii) Bidang Optik</span></div><div><span >- Memberi perhatian kepada penyongsangan (inversion) imej yang dihasilkan oleh kamera lubang jarum (<i>pinhole camera</i>)</span></div><div><span >- Begitu juga pelbagai imej dihasilkan oleh kanta cekung (<i>concave-lense</i>)</span></div><div><span >- Prinsip fokus</span></div><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >(iv) Bidang Alkimia</span></div><div><span >- Usaha ahli alkimia Cina mencari cara yang dapat membuat manusia hidup selama-selamanya telah menghasilkan sejenis "eliksir kehidupan"</span></div><div><span >- Mengandungi merkuri, plumbum dan arsenik.</span></div><div><span >- Walaupun tujuan utama adalah untuk mengkaji hasil yang dapat memanjangkan jangka usia manusia, uji kaji ahli alkimia Cina dalam mencampur bahan bertoksik dan beracun, telah menyebabkan ciptaan lain yang berguna.</span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8UAdHYxBHY2LVIi-JQpMM_Afzo4xGWwGMJToZSzcTiYxsIJCbHtztLvxcVp1lhRFic9GtwIrc-H0cQvNcsRZvTT3rlpmVVkLK6QTA7YfN4ziPkNkma09jdoMcqsH922QUyWCs8elg634/s1600/alchemy-02.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8UAdHYxBHY2LVIi-JQpMM_Afzo4xGWwGMJToZSzcTiYxsIJCbHtztLvxcVp1lhRFic9GtwIrc-H0cQvNcsRZvTT3rlpmVVkLK6QTA7YfN4ziPkNkma09jdoMcqsH922QUyWCs8elg634/s320/alchemy-02.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730476584303639218" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 297px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-81548153239310362362012-04-12T03:14:00.015-07:002012-04-12T04:01:09.691-07:00KESENIAN CINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; ">(i) Muzik Klasik</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">Muzik Cina Klasik adalah antara sistem muzik yang paling lama dan paling berkembang dalam dunia ini.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Bentuk muzik Cina yang wujud tidak terbilang jumlahnya dan aktiviti penciptaan muzik Cina yang awal melibatkan kegiatan di istana, perayaan rakyat dan peristiwa yang berkaitan dengan agama.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">-Alat-alat muzik Cina dikategorikan mengikut bahan akustik yang digunakan dan cara sesuatu alat itu dimainkan dan dibuatkan dengan bahan-bahan seperti logam, batu, tanah liat, kulit, sutera, kayu, labu, dan buluh.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Tokoh-tokoh seperti Konfusius juga mempunyai minat terhadap muzik dan menimbulkan teori muzik yang lebih khusus serta prinsip estetik terhadap muzik.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3P1qQ6HMfR-Xc88PIXZEGo4GXIzBLjoRgNzYQdFDOn4fTp2tMl8LvjCvlyPJri5Y-Nm4VCHUGv1o_22cMJX-O4bqbIZf1obVqSH9Mb-BG5dg0wJO6cnyaqQyFV1d1LjmB98lTO3yFks/s1600/3814979-xs.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3P1qQ6HMfR-Xc88PIXZEGo4GXIzBLjoRgNzYQdFDOn4fTp2tMl8LvjCvlyPJri5Y-Nm4VCHUGv1o_22cMJX-O4bqbIZf1obVqSH9Mb-BG5dg0wJO6cnyaqQyFV1d1LjmB98lTO3yFks/s320/3814979-xs.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730465007454619058" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 297px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Jenis-jenis alat muzik Cina</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKPpZt3yQ0psrEqF1yEmQfCCqWg-0Qb45WpoeuT3X0WbPGJXEn664xEJLD-OeU0aW-VfKLm9mvdDuDISYQPytahgzBuamwCxqVzBIXl8QAk8J4CPzJgymBUFIpIUJuQpMUwApqrtuTodM/s1600/Musical-Instruments-21-strings-Guqin-Zithers-great-Chinese.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKPpZt3yQ0psrEqF1yEmQfCCqWg-0Qb45WpoeuT3X0WbPGJXEn664xEJLD-OeU0aW-VfKLm9mvdDuDISYQPytahgzBuamwCxqVzBIXl8QAk8J4CPzJgymBUFIpIUJuQpMUwApqrtuTodM/s320/Musical-Instruments-21-strings-Guqin-Zithers-great-Chinese.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730464855911871138" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Guzheng</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ5iuEH5Pm8UZuo0xFWCq9u8I-Dlt_HswdeMDWDu_bVxMBsOc3McHdu9ji1emrlp5aULe2e94YmIRxGnMq8kTfuJHkkjRiEAKcNVeG3-_bO46U3HH6uNKPjOz285TG7pdPkRvkK2HaRi4/s1600/professional-bamboo-flute-DIzi-chinese-musical-instrument.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ5iuEH5Pm8UZuo0xFWCq9u8I-Dlt_HswdeMDWDu_bVxMBsOc3McHdu9ji1emrlp5aULe2e94YmIRxGnMq8kTfuJHkkjRiEAKcNVeG3-_bO46U3HH6uNKPjOz285TG7pdPkRvkK2HaRi4/s320/professional-bamboo-flute-DIzi-chinese-musical-instrument.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730465489160037090" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">(ii) Kaligrafi</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Kaligrafi diberi penghormatan yang paling tinggi di negara China.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Dianggao mempunyai keunikan dalam membayangkan kemurnian dan kualiti seseorang ahli kaligrafi dari segi pemupukan personaliti.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Menikmati seni ini juga memerlukan kualiti seseorang yang tinggi dan murni serta sensitiviti estetik yang luar biasa.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">-Dalam sistem pendidikan lama, salinan spesimen kaligrafi dari pakar kaligrafi yang terkenal dibuat dalam bentuk buku untuk ditiru oleh para pelajar.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoqITIOxLKNgJJBzGO-yaeWZ5ke0BGrrX2laUTKevXj6idHFbQRSknzb1FqLxS-hg79A6mAtF9_weyrMUJ7yCaCokP9s48qFYgJIhyphenhyphenR2SQMzCDg3-E7DvW5GB4LTjVUycAbGjtswnaa4c/s1600/chinese_calligraphy_class_1.preview.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoqITIOxLKNgJJBzGO-yaeWZ5ke0BGrrX2laUTKevXj6idHFbQRSknzb1FqLxS-hg79A6mAtF9_weyrMUJ7yCaCokP9s48qFYgJIhyphenhyphenR2SQMzCDg3-E7DvW5GB4LTjVUycAbGjtswnaa4c/s320/chinese_calligraphy_class_1.preview.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730463756034181250" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">-Antara pakar kaligrafi yang cemerlang dan unggul ialah Wang Xizhi (321-379)</div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xQpcuxLl3eb_wZKBEiTZM3uPlU19sQfy0uAc63B-yEoQ8g1bKvARZSkgPm6SvUxTNp1SOfhs55XOizVgWNl0SO1C8ApqeiIk7AA6GKhKZcLefmiRInvAwfoly1Nukg1z4GNivljxqI0/s320/0023ae9af0dc0c523a8d1d.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730467395892273026" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px; " /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Dari segi teknikal, kaligrafi Cina amat bergantung kepada kemahiran dan imaginasi seseorang pakar kaligrafi untuk menghasilkan bentuk bentuk garis yang menarik lalu meggubah struktur yang cantik.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">-Pakar kaligrafi juga perlu menjaga ruang di antara stroke berseimbangan dan ini merupakan satu teknik yang hanya dapat dicapai selepas berlatih dalam tempoh masa yang panajang.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAhgtUI5R0gRQKeQ0oOQcZn9kHmDsWJNGRRjbFzB8uS_YzeAAd6QVgp30edb40HRLXyDMZrKJSoKHAstOIFazCmy36AozRQew8O1a4c0o0W5OWMhMutTGGIIT0g-jp8tDaHucF7FgQHCw/s1600/calligrapher2.jpg" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAhgtUI5R0gRQKeQ0oOQcZn9kHmDsWJNGRRjbFzB8uS_YzeAAd6QVgp30edb40HRLXyDMZrKJSoKHAstOIFazCmy36AozRQew8O1a4c0o0W5OWMhMutTGGIIT0g-jp8tDaHucF7FgQHCw/s320/calligrapher2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730463604354170466" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">(iii) Seni Lukis</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Lukisan mempunyai hubungan yang rapat dengan kaligrafi dan juga puisi.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Su Dongpo (1037-1101), Dinasti Song, pelukis bukan sahaja mahir melukis, tetapi juga merupakan sarjana dan pakar kaligrafi.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgraM9cusT4O3jpA7n0_YLUCqDb0GvShpRWXsqI3caO5asUXuD6xQnWeq1k3XWNVwZOTjgP6rf9snf8iqQ15zTI6SmFh31Np0U_Ex92rG5zSR-rlldQlcEYlbt9X7xu6lqtL_B_0TF1keE/s1600/200px-Sudongpo.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgraM9cusT4O3jpA7n0_YLUCqDb0GvShpRWXsqI3caO5asUXuD6xQnWeq1k3XWNVwZOTjgP6rf9snf8iqQ15zTI6SmFh31Np0U_Ex92rG5zSR-rlldQlcEYlbt9X7xu6lqtL_B_0TF1keE/s320/200px-Sudongpo.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730464148122838626" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 300px; " /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdnaSWuYmt4EkMTwqoMMgcfsEh-GKiT3qdMOSlcO_sKxUuRS3qo_T9Z4gHpxm17yIS31mMXjs5RPjmIBZQ4awPTjLQbTc2OFtfnl4bahhiIUv26jTr5UsMXAdqbgerw83WTfiWZloirA/s1600/0023ae9897010e0b915f53.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdnaSWuYmt4EkMTwqoMMgcfsEh-GKiT3qdMOSlcO_sKxUuRS3qo_T9Z4gHpxm17yIS31mMXjs5RPjmIBZQ4awPTjLQbTc2OFtfnl4bahhiIUv26jTr5UsMXAdqbgerw83WTfiWZloirA/s320/0023ae9897010e0b915f53.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730463954687826418" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 230px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Sebuah lukisan Cina merupakan kombinasi seni puisi, kaligrafi, lukisan dan juga seni ukir cap.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Dibahagikan kepada dua kategori:-</div><div><ul><li><span >xieyi (bebas tangan)</span></li><li><span >gonghi (menggunakan garis halus dan teliti dengan memberi perhatian kepada butir-butir)</span></li></ul><span >- Teori estetok xieyi menitikberatkan sentimen dan mengabaikan realisme.</span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjquLcmxTG6aqeJVyTEbZTieGa_gQ4imNCtQp7NdUTk2OIV2Nw0eTDEdniiWKFmme79PEu-r8SNNTPjrVnjwGTZbhzcrIkV9QZhPpN_cxfNTkOTizVHGWtRMPzXYf2lurHb_zW66pHiLMs/s320/xieyi-lotus-painting-lg-20050319.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730466383005142962" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 280px; height: 236px; " /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Lukisan Xieyi</div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdBhJ8cIuRgyOodlmLH7PJdwk7M3BE7fzjjLq5MjOJRm7V_LZj9O98rPqWFapCTBAjy3dOIqudLsJIEFpsjgvYswIaZeKWc968sCcxbkZ7193K-FMa0_VRjpjqshdVuR3BerDYGlCoQU/s1600/W020091221408615633336.jpg" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdBhJ8cIuRgyOodlmLH7PJdwk7M3BE7fzjjLq5MjOJRm7V_LZj9O98rPqWFapCTBAjy3dOIqudLsJIEFpsjgvYswIaZeKWc968sCcxbkZ7193K-FMa0_VRjpjqshdVuR3BerDYGlCoQU/s320/W020091221408615633336.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730466654385577042" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a>Lukisan Gonghi<br style="text-align: left; "><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div><span >(iii) Seni Pembinaan</span></div><div><span >- Tinggalan binaan dan tembok dari zaman dahulu yang masih wujud sehingga sangat berkurangan disebabkan sebahagian bahan-bahan yang digunakan, iaitu kayu, tidak dapat bertahan lama kerana pengaruh iklim dan cuaca.</span></div><div><span >- Ciri utama binaan Cina ialah keinginan membuat binaan yang berharmoni dengan alam semesta.</span></div><div><span >- Kepercayaan fengshui, iaitu lokasi dan susunan dalam sesebuah rumah atau kubur selalunya ditetapkan dengan panduan teon fengshui.</span></div><div><span >- Tembok merupakan antara binaan yang sangat penting kerana semua kota mempunyai satu tembok yang bertujuan untuk pertahanan dan keselamatan.</span></div><div><span >-Tembok kota mempunyai pintu yang dibuka pada waktu tertentu dan ditutup pada waktu malam.</span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPwbHucJ_4tN4X9XGYPVf-YbhpGtUe0i65JZWkC80VRzSR-GwUAYY51dq20NU79qC9RmXfy5Z5e7yi9_KEv_nqwGhwaJyi2H-MAUcHhmJDblVwEVfrZL_sIejziWG2Llno7y9FKGYygx4/s1600/Pingyao_City_Wall_01.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPwbHucJ_4tN4X9XGYPVf-YbhpGtUe0i65JZWkC80VRzSR-GwUAYY51dq20NU79qC9RmXfy5Z5e7yi9_KEv_nqwGhwaJyi2H-MAUcHhmJDblVwEVfrZL_sIejziWG2Llno7y9FKGYygx4/s320/Pingyao_City_Wall_01.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730464359357946242" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Tembok kota</div><div><span >-Tembok Besar China (Wan Li Chang Chen), dibina bukan sahaja untuk megelilingi kota, tetapi juga untuk memagari kuil-kuil, istana dan rumah-rumah kediaman.</span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BiDlhBdfGQFr8oruPeX-1irxfXoDnkW-fmrgmbfwViCI_a1ja4PiC2UMjI-SBK8oaMCjWItOWPWQwIOFralgPOFy-XbO6qm-qMDZ1yLoR9oCL-zSl8aLZtqNyxejIXNWwdPrn9mjbOs/s1600/Great-Wall-of-China-Tour_2.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BiDlhBdfGQFr8oruPeX-1irxfXoDnkW-fmrgmbfwViCI_a1ja4PiC2UMjI-SBK8oaMCjWItOWPWQwIOFralgPOFy-XbO6qm-qMDZ1yLoR9oCL-zSl8aLZtqNyxejIXNWwdPrn9mjbOs/s320/Great-Wall-of-China-Tour_2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730463278105996674" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 278px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Tembok Besar China</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-86011603817151817132012-04-12T01:57:00.011-07:002012-04-12T02:42:44.096-07:00KEPELBAGAIAN GENRE SASTERA CINA KLASIK<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 100%; ">(i) Puisi</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span >- Antologi puisi Cina terawal, Shijing (Klasik Puisi)</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span >-Mengandungi 305 buah nyanian kuil, nyanian istana dan nyanian rakyat yang wujud pada tempoh antara zaman Zhou Barat (kurun ke-11 SM - 771 SM) hingga zaman Musim Bunga Musim Luruh (770 SM - 476 SM).</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span >- Shijing, bersama dengan empat puisi klasik lain, Yijing (Klasik Perubahan), Shujing (Klasik Sejarah), Liji (Rekod Ritual), Chun Qiu (Klasik Musim Bunga dan Musim Luruh), dikenali sebagai Wujing (Lima Klasik).</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span >- Keadaan politik dan ekonomi yang stabil khasnya pada tahap permulaan zaman ini menggalakkan perkembangan puisi Cina klasik mencapai tahap keemasan.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span >- Quan Tangshi (Koleksi Lengkap Puisi Tang), mengumpulkan jumlah puisi lebih kurang 50,000 buah, hasil ciptaan dari 2,000 atau lebih orang penyajak, termasuk penyajak aguang seperti Li Bai, Du Fu, dan Bai Juyi.</span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOE__8hQ63kX5fqco5QmmuD66fqf9yhuTe_qOML5fDYBO5mVldSVCU2T_bPgOVNgXfzAvsoy4tdMPv-sFSr99hTyAklNuWA-dB7ATDt-5elkzCtUriTfcN3kuxkNjaWBATs9UymUbhQV4/s1600/%25E8%25AF%2597%25E7%25BB%258F.jpg" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOE__8hQ63kX5fqco5QmmuD66fqf9yhuTe_qOML5fDYBO5mVldSVCU2T_bPgOVNgXfzAvsoy4tdMPv-sFSr99hTyAklNuWA-dB7ATDt-5elkzCtUriTfcN3kuxkNjaWBATs9UymUbhQV4/s320/%25E8%25AF%2597%25E7%25BB%258F.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730444598122579970" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 239px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">ShiJing</div></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRGzrg61tIeJmzv5MiAiUzKKk_bmfhPVIPpmMaglgQ33DZ4nz6UaIXO_dtokGxoE4Sq9OhJq-5YDgCfvU3lyzydoesIrAXI-YfnvvGYzSBkDudEDvnuYidD0Q3Jlx2_3QqvPo5SePdwA/s1600/the_four_books_and_five_classics3e436ec686d22cc9dd81.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRGzrg61tIeJmzv5MiAiUzKKk_bmfhPVIPpmMaglgQ33DZ4nz6UaIXO_dtokGxoE4Sq9OhJq-5YDgCfvU3lyzydoesIrAXI-YfnvvGYzSBkDudEDvnuYidD0Q3Jlx2_3QqvPo5SePdwA/s320/the_four_books_and_five_classics3e436ec686d22cc9dd81.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730443914615575746" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a></div><div style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-style: normal; ">Empat Buku Lima Klasik (</span><i>Shi Shu Wu Jing</i>)</div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQb-CxJsh6u8wwQUVbJM6lU0QPUASeU1Nd7ABVbgVielWO4Gk7KcaDNY6mPZpHS9xt7EgR0OoC3e7m_NWLIkc1szFKwG3BoSvNtAYTgYodSgpizNxT3qZPhp55WS9DhDiAxaRRRTq8nms/s1600/200px-Libai_touxiang.jpg" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQb-CxJsh6u8wwQUVbJM6lU0QPUASeU1Nd7ABVbgVielWO4Gk7KcaDNY6mPZpHS9xt7EgR0OoC3e7m_NWLIkc1szFKwG3BoSvNtAYTgYodSgpizNxT3qZPhp55WS9DhDiAxaRRRTq8nms/s320/200px-Libai_touxiang.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730444776220265634" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 291px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Li Bai</div></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span ><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span >(ii) Prosa</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Prosa klasik (<i>guwen</i>), adalah dominan dalam sastera Cina klasik.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Prosa vernakular (<i>haihuawen</i>), ditulis dalam bahasa pertuturan.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Prosa klasik berdasarkan standard dan stail karya pakar zaman purba.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Bahasa klasik telah menjadi medium bag hampir semua penulisan prosa disebabkan ia adalah bahasa yang dikhaskan dalam peperiksaan rasmi dan juga kerana penghormatan tradisional yang ada pada pencapaian budaya zaman dahulu.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span ><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >(iii) Drama</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Pada Dinasti Yuan, prestij tradisi lama menjadi merost dan kawasan utara China, menjadi satu persekitaran yang unik dengan aktiviti sastera yang bukan konvensional.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Drama Cina jenis Zaju, sejenis bentuk sastera berbentuk puisi yang digubah mengikut suit muzik tertentu dan bersemarak pada zaman Yuan.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >-Terdapat penulis-penulis yang menghasilkan karya dan menggunakankarya mereka sebagai saluran untuk mengeluarkan perasaan tidak puas hati atau sebagai alat kritikan..</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Bukan sahaja memberi hiburan, tetapi juga berperanan sebagai pengkritik sosial yang berjaya mendapat konsensus dan simpati penonton.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Secara keseluruhannya, drama Cina lebih cenderung menekankan nilai-nilai etika berbanding agama.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Bertujuan mendukung kelakuan baik dan memberi amaran atau waspada terhadap perbuatan-perbuatan jahat.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitkqiUhDN334G8pZYZy1UhLQKWFXRZ5j12wS7ErGUeItpmkFc3Vt9_d6uqV9Up0Wnbr1360r71SQIpoLuUdLK1lMbgRjcbsvrXkxGhhqeu9lRX66vqcE6BEpdJnBVKkGBiJmJR9Ekgn6A/s1600/21%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%2588%2591%25E9%2599%25A2%25E5%258D%258F%25E5%258A%259E%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%25B3%2595%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25BC%2596%25E6%2588%258F%25E5%2589%25A7%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%2591%25E8%25A7%2592%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E8%25A1%258C%25E3%2580%258B2.jpg" style="font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitkqiUhDN334G8pZYZy1UhLQKWFXRZ5j12wS7ErGUeItpmkFc3Vt9_d6uqV9Up0Wnbr1360r71SQIpoLuUdLK1lMbgRjcbsvrXkxGhhqeu9lRX66vqcE6BEpdJnBVKkGBiJmJR9Ekgn6A/s320/21%25E3%2580%2581%25E6%2588%2591%25E9%2599%25A2%25E5%258D%258F%25E5%258A%259E%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%25B3%2595%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25BC%2596%25E6%2588%258F%25E5%2589%25A7%25E3%2580%258A%25E4%25B8%2591%25E8%25A7%2592%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E8%25A1%258C%25E3%2580%258B2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730445783686187234" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA8DXVcDP73uW7GwtQiGodWFJaSugASzBLZXSoK4-yQaAaH_KLE0FUmKWcuCmvNOYh2zFMUmglQUf4gpR2yApxWiuZ25G2TCN967T0Gib1vBrFyT8TRGuaThmjViSAWoYTYy_8LzxoFiY/s1600/2658142_153733046839_2.jpg" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA8DXVcDP73uW7GwtQiGodWFJaSugASzBLZXSoK4-yQaAaH_KLE0FUmKWcuCmvNOYh2zFMUmglQUf4gpR2yApxWiuZ25G2TCN967T0Gib1vBrFyT8TRGuaThmjViSAWoYTYy_8LzxoFiY/s320/2658142_153733046839_2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730446782793512450" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 214px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >(iv) Fiksyen</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Xiaoshuo, percakapan kecil, dan percakapan sia-sia.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Berperanan sebagai pendukung prinsip-prinsip moral etika dan juga sebagai alat politik.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Kadangkala digunakan sebagai alat untuk menggambarkan dunia utopia dan menyokong perubahan.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Terdapat fiksyen mengenai keghaiban sperti Xijouji (Perjalanan ke Barat), dan ada juga yang merupakan mengenai pornografi seperti Jing Pingmei (Emas Vas Plum).</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Fiksyen China berkembang di atas dasar tradisi mencerita zaman lebih awal, iaitu penglipur lara.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvBpkXjzHTYVSm75UnQpTCkEpkdr7YTHfkP-AYJ5zXChXzERhFyQdDrwUi0WCDo_lS9Uw852yEvH7JhRdL8olzOEhb2j-07AL-9s-02xgkLbAC6ZBpKn1t3fpDztxCFavVeMxCFmq0NP4/s1600/cms_d611aaa66a9846919b7d0eefe36d1719_0232_12_27_47.jpg" style="font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvBpkXjzHTYVSm75UnQpTCkEpkdr7YTHfkP-AYJ5zXChXzERhFyQdDrwUi0WCDo_lS9Uw852yEvH7JhRdL8olzOEhb2j-07AL-9s-02xgkLbAC6ZBpKn1t3fpDztxCFavVeMxCFmq0NP4/s320/cms_d611aaa66a9846919b7d0eefe36d1719_0232_12_27_47.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730445570644051746" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 304px; " /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">Xi Jou Ji (Perjalanan ke Barat)</div><div style="text-align: center; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2AxrOkIpgGXylt7mGwfhbFiyg9P6Td8H_3iJn2yG81meR9P1-6e_waLvpljaqkGHsanr3E05ab0wHN0gdTrkgSKm_F6-wiC5VWojYBYCFiOcR5CTtwqq0vT2chf1OrPoHJiX2lRTTXCg/s1600/1161683127_2359.JPG" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2AxrOkIpgGXylt7mGwfhbFiyg9P6Td8H_3iJn2yG81meR9P1-6e_waLvpljaqkGHsanr3E05ab0wHN0gdTrkgSKm_F6-wiC5VWojYBYCFiOcR5CTtwqq0vT2chf1OrPoHJiX2lRTTXCg/s320/1161683127_2359.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730446422322835378" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px; " /></a>Jin Pingmei (Emas Vas Plum)<br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-31571500327556995982012-04-12T01:31:00.005-07:002012-04-12T01:46:42.043-07:00BAHASA DAN KESUSASTERAAN CINA KLASIK<div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left; "><span style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; ">- Bermula sekurang-kurangnya seawal kurun ke-14 SM dan perkembangannya berterusan lebih daripada 3,000 tahun.</span></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">- Bahasa Cina telah mengekalkan identitinya dari segi lisan dan tulisan (walaupun China pernah diperintah oleh puak asing seperti orang Mongol (Dinasti Yuan 1279-1368), orang Manchu (Dinasti Qing 1644-1911).</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">- Tulisan Cina pada dasarnya bersifat grafik.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Sifat Bahasa Cina yang bukan berabjad-fonetik (<i>alphabetic-phonetic) </i>bermakna huruf-hurufnya tidak menunjukkan bunyi sebutan dan boleh disebut dalam kelainan cara dari segi folonogi mengikut tempat atau mengikut kesesuaian selaras dengan perubahan zaman-zaman dalam sejarah China.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Maksud sesuatu huruf tetap sama tidak kira dalam dialek apapun ia disebutkan atau dipertuturkan.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Sifat bahasa Cina ini mengekalkan kesinambungan budaya Cina dan membolehkan kesusasteraan Cina klasik terus menjadi aset budaya masyarakat Cina yang amat bernilai.</div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibRDbJhvI2WM4_4ctzhTCPrg7fMCgGW1NydsE8C-jQiF_3g5AsBEHiLSOYGCIeqrguby_HjcTG0_me2RSqKcFwwSzyvATE6TtUzV5tQlUKFmL7ROCLtJ1Hhb_0rUVhdvuosL8MasnROF4/s1600/the_four_books_and_five_classics3e436ec686d22cc9dd81.jpg" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibRDbJhvI2WM4_4ctzhTCPrg7fMCgGW1NydsE8C-jQiF_3g5AsBEHiLSOYGCIeqrguby_HjcTG0_me2RSqKcFwwSzyvATE6TtUzV5tQlUKFmL7ROCLtJ1Hhb_0rUVhdvuosL8MasnROF4/s320/the_four_books_and_five_classics3e436ec686d22cc9dd81.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730432526420312338" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span >Sastera klasik Cina</span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilI99F0jr1MQaIjCqWy4NExwHe6kr0BWzGMa3V1w7jS8UwgJ7JDi4n-Zq3m7PFO4TBfIkKSqLm0LMR_YL2_hhP2SpzYR4xkxIs8dsWVQGN8gdMdhKN2HLrOxUddvGMRias9CsFAZkk0_Y/s1600/CDXie.jpg" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilI99F0jr1MQaIjCqWy4NExwHe6kr0BWzGMa3V1w7jS8UwgJ7JDi4n-Zq3m7PFO4TBfIkKSqLm0LMR_YL2_hhP2SpzYR4xkxIs8dsWVQGN8gdMdhKN2HLrOxUddvGMRias9CsFAZkk0_Y/s320/CDXie.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730432719456163954" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 288px; height: 320px; " /></a>Tulisan Cina</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-37355055828251095362012-04-12T01:21:00.003-07:002012-04-12T01:31:04.656-07:00SUMBANGAN TAMADUN CHINA DALAM PELBAGAI BIDANG KEPERLUAN MANUSIA<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjg3DimtuH9q9nC2rVojTC0HvrpgICDm-0cZ407sugXT4AXhizlVJm5xR_dABZjQCZkYNgOioHjQtRsHnh7MGAof3Or6rCP9inqWpbYYb0puVQUkrNEYQ26cYn7eGQPxzUc_aKIhBBHXQ/s1600/mchina.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 304px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjg3DimtuH9q9nC2rVojTC0HvrpgICDm-0cZ407sugXT4AXhizlVJm5xR_dABZjQCZkYNgOioHjQtRsHnh7MGAof3Or6rCP9inqWpbYYb0puVQUkrNEYQ26cYn7eGQPxzUc_aKIhBBHXQ/s320/mchina.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730428856110258226" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">Tamadun China pada dasarnya merupakan sebuah tamadun berorientasikan agraria atau pertanian yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh keadaan cuaca dan sifat geografi dalam proses pembangunan dan perkembangan.</span><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span ><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >Sumbangan tamadun China termasuklah dalam aspek-aspek berikut:-</span></div><div><ul><li><span >bahasa dan kesusasteraan</span></li><li><span >kesenian</span></li><li><span >sains dan teknologi</span></li></ul><span ><br /></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-81191344011383249382012-04-12T01:08:00.003-07:002012-04-12T01:21:09.879-07:00INSTITUSI KELUARGA MASYARAKAT CINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; ">- </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Tamadun China berorientasikan humanisme (manusia dianggap mempunyai kedudukan yang unggul dan memainkan peranan penting dalam alam semesta)</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >-Sifat khas dan nilai-nialinya:-</span></div><div><ul><li><span >transendensi dalaman</span></li><li><span >sifat sekular</span></li><li><span >moralisme sebagai ideologi</span></li><li><span >personalisme</span></li><li><span >hubungan manusia dengan alam semesta</span></li><li><span >institusi keluarga dan pendidikan sert keharmonian</span></li></ul><span >- Sistem etika Konfusianisme berasaskan pada keluarga yang merupakan institusi sosial yang terulung dalam tamadun China.</span></div><div><span >- Pendidikan yang bertradisi panjang diberi penghargaan yang tinggi.</span></div><div><span >- Golongan birokrat dan cendekiawan merupakan kelas sosial yang tertinggi. Jadi, ibu bapa sedaya-upaya berusaha untuk membiayai anak-anak kerana pelajaran merupakan satu-satunya saluran mobiliti sosial dalam masyarakat Cina tradisional.</span></div><div><span >- Keharmonian dianggap sebagai suatu nilai yang bersesuaian dengan humanisme dan moralisme.</span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2l_M2_INyZZpeuqBr_uXFRxhyphenhyphen-2aiWsV8D4GAqwl535WdQaB8LMx4fVDle_BBXiAf_-Bx7yku3mM8tbGi4hheB37HjtquQLfmF5e7Y0yg31keGjbHMuk2ensm8qz0f4w-bLVJv6U7FXg/s1600/1248835038.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2l_M2_INyZZpeuqBr_uXFRxhyphenhyphen-2aiWsV8D4GAqwl535WdQaB8LMx4fVDle_BBXiAf_-Bx7yku3mM8tbGi4hheB37HjtquQLfmF5e7Y0yg31keGjbHMuk2ensm8qz0f4w-bLVJv6U7FXg/s320/1248835038.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730426340063255170" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 246px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div><span ><br /></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-4791238838265187552012-04-11T23:40:00.008-07:002012-04-12T00:52:19.194-07:00SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN DAN SISTEM POLITIK CHINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; ">(i) Sistem Beraja Tamadun China</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Pada zaman Dinasti Shang dan Chou, raja berfungsi sebagai ketua agama dan angkutan tentera (sistem feudal).</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Shih Huang Ti, maharaja China semasa Dinasti Chin.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOG5SezV6soxSLp-djxYtOaGzWdxY3qGLsnjXTl7TgHDnFSzP34o9tngoMjFEZkisc0QKAmWeUHd0WIW3anj2o68aLsBKF7AE0_Yadaw1Q5AL6YDl9O-dBRsvPbqA0CPAXhEVnKo3CDmU/s1600/shih-huang-ti.jpeg" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOG5SezV6soxSLp-djxYtOaGzWdxY3qGLsnjXTl7TgHDnFSzP34o9tngoMjFEZkisc0QKAmWeUHd0WIW3anj2o68aLsBKF7AE0_Yadaw1Q5AL6YDl9O-dBRsvPbqA0CPAXhEVnKo3CDmU/s320/shih-huang-ti.jpeg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730412180175708162" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 196px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Baginda menghapuskan sistem feudal dan digantikan dengan sistem provinsi/wilayah (36 buah) yang diketuai oleh gabenor.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Dalam menghadapi bahaya serangan penceroboh Tartar secara besar-besaran, baginda telah membina tembok besar negeri China (Wan Li Chang Cheng).</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpTdIlVYw4CSuIMeV9Eg9YQw9oDx_IuxVgMuJhbN0_btU3Vc_1Vfw-fAO99ufdmfFwoKuuSZ9e8mUYt4Ehy4ZF40utgJ8-oNIRqMcObRV_9cadVA9p2b-fMABFbBmjW1jlsjPK9u8xXw/s1600/3026383011_a035387936.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpTdIlVYw4CSuIMeV9Eg9YQw9oDx_IuxVgMuJhbN0_btU3Vc_1Vfw-fAO99ufdmfFwoKuuSZ9e8mUYt4Ehy4ZF40utgJ8-oNIRqMcObRV_9cadVA9p2b-fMABFbBmjW1jlsjPK9u8xXw/s320/3026383011_a035387936.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730412784751482034" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Jasa besar ini dikatakan tidak menjadikan orang China terhutang budi kepada Shih Huang Ti kerana kesalahan yang dibuat oleh baginda, iaitu "pembakaran segala buku".</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Peristiwa pembakaran buku dan membununh 400 orang orang sarjana pada tahun 213 SM dianggap sebagai peristiwa pencabulan pusaka intelektual mereka.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrvriUHRyMUlWLTz6eTrzEx3NxXSrsJrMfh04S9jWDIJeR3A-chHw5D4xcwSuAZKpAaUkSlfK4yRCfLAgIbLoT4DUQc_fjOi6a2iKTV4aIReJfyLeaWVtpfkewH451At9XWVjn01VoqJU/s1600/life-on-google-burning-chinese-books.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrvriUHRyMUlWLTz6eTrzEx3NxXSrsJrMfh04S9jWDIJeR3A-chHw5D4xcwSuAZKpAaUkSlfK4yRCfLAgIbLoT4DUQc_fjOi6a2iKTV4aIReJfyLeaWVtpfkewH451At9XWVjn01VoqJU/s320/life-on-google-burning-chinese-books.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730413320231634434" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Peristiwa Pembakaran Segala Buku</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Semasa Dinasti Han (206 SM - 220 SM), Sistem Peperiksaan Awam diamalkan untuk perlantikan pegawai-pegawai kerajaan baru dan terbuka kepada semua rakyat yang layak.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Pemimpin-pemimpin wilayah tidak diberi kuasa yang luas supaya kerajaan pusat menjadi teguh dan tidak dicabar.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">- Liu Pang, pengasas Dinasti Han, memperkenalkan satu Hukum Kanun (hukuman bunuh ialah bunuh, hukuman mencederakan orang ialah dicederakan, dan hukuman mencari ialah dibayar denda sebanyak yang dicurinya)</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbJiVGXIuqKvKf4BHREhxtCeCGB80cFo90-yfT7qZD9LUgpfC9PjSiGsYVonnNeiqdBhaQzwFj1N-HhLgfKoG8pFyaWxijJ1kPXDbHM8ArbEM5O1OVI-LGF1rTPSKaYHsAVtCve2tVqQ/s1600/220px-Hangaozu.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbJiVGXIuqKvKf4BHREhxtCeCGB80cFo90-yfT7qZD9LUgpfC9PjSiGsYVonnNeiqdBhaQzwFj1N-HhLgfKoG8pFyaWxijJ1kPXDbHM8ArbEM5O1OVI-LGF1rTPSKaYHsAVtCve2tVqQ/s320/220px-Hangaozu.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730412987669067362" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 209px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Liu Pang, pengasas Dinasti Han</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">(ii) Sistem Politik China</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; ">-Doktrin sistem politik China banyak dipengaruhi aliran falsafah legalisme dan aliran Konfusianisme.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">- Falsafah Legalisme bersifat <b>authoritarianisme </b> menekankan kepentingan undang-undang sebagai cara untuk mencapai kecekapan dalam kerajaan dan keterbitan dalam masyarakat.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">-Aliran Konfusianisme merupakan himpunan idea yang bersifat <b>berpandukan etika </b>berpusat kepada kehidupan yang teratur dan penyusunan masyarakat yang baik.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">(iii) Konsep Pemusatan Kuasa</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">- Aliran legalisme menekankan pemerintahan bercorak <b>pemusatan kuasa ditangan seorang raja yang menggunakan kuatkuasa undang-undang.</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; ">-Aliran Konfusianisme menegaskan bahawa urusan pemerintahan adalah soal yang <b> bersifat etika dan kepimpinan melalui teladan (paternalistik).</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><u><b>Perbezaan antara</b> <b>Aliran Konfusianisme</b> dengan<b> Aliran Legalisme</b></u></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">(a) </span><i style="font-size: 100%; ">Matlamat untuk Negara dalam Pendekatan yang Berbeza</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Dalam aliran Konfusianisme, <b>kerjasama antara pemerintah dan rakyat</b> merupakan kunci kepada segala kejayaan dalam bidang ekonomi, sosial dan politik.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Dalam aliran legalisme, segala aktiviti ekonomi, sosial, dan politik <b>harus bertumpu kepada negara, bukan individu.</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">(b) <i>Kegemilangan Sejarah Lampau</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Dalam aliran legalisme, mengambil masa silam sebagai model adalah <b>tidak tepat</b> dan setiap zaman memerlukan <b>kaedah-kaedah yang berbeza</b>.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Dalam aliran Konfusianisme, pendidikan yang bertunjangkan tradisi zaman silam, dijadikan sebagai <b>panduan </b>berguna untuk <b>membina keseimbangan dalam hubungan mereka</b> dengan pemerintah, ahli keluarga dan juga dengan anggota masyarakat yang lain.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">(c) <i>Memupuk Kesetiaan Kepada Raja</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Falsafah legalisme mengambil pendekatan undang-undang untuk memastikan rakyat memberi ketaatan kepada raja.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Konfusianisme menekankan unsur-unsur moral dan etika bagi memastikan rakyat memberikan ketaatan kepada raja.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">(d) <i>Mengekalkan Disiplin Rakyat</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Legalisme menggunakan kuasa tentera dan kekerasan. Contohnya Dinasti Chin.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Konfusianisme mengambil pendekatan birokrasi dan kebijaksanaan para sarjana (Dinasti Han).</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmyi3bRZQOs7Z24NYZpqwT2yidSVmufAAIMGOlsP1B0-9rdocfMCnfaeYwKQBTBEndR_8CdQYETgmUfMtTZUF67sLT8Hx8ouguLI4cpShYL4-SHWCKI0wu-ayw_5duDAFYVkDSgqeW1Pw/s1600/photo08_big.jpg" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmyi3bRZQOs7Z24NYZpqwT2yidSVmufAAIMGOlsP1B0-9rdocfMCnfaeYwKQBTBEndR_8CdQYETgmUfMtTZUF67sLT8Hx8ouguLI4cpShYL4-SHWCKI0wu-ayw_5duDAFYVkDSgqeW1Pw/s320/photo08_big.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730418760342754274" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 224px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-40261855530339498772012-04-11T19:56:00.022-07:002012-04-11T22:52:03.655-07:00AGAMA DAN FALSAFAH DALAM TAMADUN CHINA<div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 100%; ">(i) Konfusianisme</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; "><span>- Doktrin kenegaraan yang merangkumi aspek-aspek falsafah, keagamaan dan sosiopolitik yang termaktub dalam pengajaran Konfusius (551 SM - 479 SM).</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Pengajaran utama Konfusius menekankan pengamalan nilai dan sifat moral yang mulia (perikemanusiaan (<i>ren</i>), kesusilaan (<i>li</i>), dan ketaatan kepada ibu bapa (<i>xiao</i>), keanfan (<i>zhi</i>)).</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikUuV22Wge1_Q6SCF4G3RsCfESJh8QisQp6e8HgyGKhh85QbnPbxspRGSCBaS-U4d9l6gfRUjQux0ig9_9JVx57ODBNZAz5VQAcswF-nRejGwOUNm3nsHoivpd5jenmA3C3amSSj1JnFI/s1600/confucius2.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikUuV22Wge1_Q6SCF4G3RsCfESJh8QisQp6e8HgyGKhh85QbnPbxspRGSCBaS-U4d9l6gfRUjQux0ig9_9JVx57ODBNZAz5VQAcswF-nRejGwOUNm3nsHoivpd5jenmA3C3amSSj1JnFI/s320/confucius2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730380371899127250" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px; " /></a></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span>Tugu Konfusius</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJZP9B7dz82dQgDfzkcEqNaHZPRQh6X_I0RJD-kjpIebT6kwy9MDb3b3n-IxGXWqy2SCJNpS6dE3I8DzTFIk8lqbriYTAxolDCVZBH2ObyjyTygLj-LUO63hrWf1LbEg24JYrWz6XL7o/s1600/movie-confucius.jpg" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhJZP9B7dz82dQgDfzkcEqNaHZPRQh6X_I0RJD-kjpIebT6kwy9MDb3b3n-IxGXWqy2SCJNpS6dE3I8DzTFIk8lqbriYTAxolDCVZBH2ObyjyTygLj-LUO63hrWf1LbEg24JYrWz6XL7o/s320/movie-confucius.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730380508215208258" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 320px; " /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; ">Konfusius (551 SM - 479 SM)</span> </div></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib5WNaFA1ATJLnjIRVui6ygAGYLQnzd0bPRsqYDgX3tBcc96jH9BSOtM9bAsHKwe5hNfgqJ7Ijo6WIUIYsYDa1vJOSja8pqJPu99NQCY13gGICNVYd8tKoQamkMvznNnTxE32f2RD3N8M/s1600/analects.jpg" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib5WNaFA1ATJLnjIRVui6ygAGYLQnzd0bPRsqYDgX3tBcc96jH9BSOtM9bAsHKwe5hNfgqJ7Ijo6WIUIYsYDa1vJOSja8pqJPu99NQCY13gGICNVYd8tKoQamkMvznNnTxE32f2RD3N8M/s320/analects.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730380598536229602" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 212px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Kitab Analects Konfusius</div></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>(ii) Buddhisme China</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Diasakan oleh Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (563 SM - 483 SM) di India pada kurun ke-6 SM</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Asas pengajarannya tetap berkekalan iaitu penderitaan adalh berpunca daripada hawa nafsu yang merupakan akar kepada pelbagai masalah manusia.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Jalan Lapan Lapis Mulia atau Jalan Pertengahan (<i>middle way</i>)</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Dibahagikan kepada TIGA bahagian:-</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><ul><li><span><i>panna </i>(kebijaksanaan)</span></li><li><span><i>samdhi </i>(penumpuan)</span></li><li><span><i>sila </i>(moral)</span></li></ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi76XM9zyROEox3BF9KAkskRmfdsrycViCo1_M6Nl7J7vVYtcp3BW2u5rU7DudShN77-AHV13ihyphenhyphenpv8Si_Jm2_3opxARC87H574P1zVZzcP3g5Z9eXERiXGoF7jHb_ubMtdl4r8Nic71RU/s1600/siddhartha-gautama.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi76XM9zyROEox3BF9KAkskRmfdsrycViCo1_M6Nl7J7vVYtcp3BW2u5rU7DudShN77-AHV13ihyphenhyphenpv8Si_Jm2_3opxARC87H574P1zVZzcP3g5Z9eXERiXGoF7jHb_ubMtdl4r8Nic71RU/s320/siddhartha-gautama.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730381424608577426" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 202px; height: 291px; " /></a></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; ">Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (563 SM - 483 SM)</span> </div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGa34lPsrJqq4yagMBquLEYPnZ0VCLy-v-767PTF0uvsS6tex11nvGUCGKg5ukO7n-LdDI670HFEB-AGBKF2SVJ9mqHLaVHeprMUKjCts2qsDCVnYv9h8zHDCfsaeoELtlKuoXg1bnkuw/s1600/Middle-Way.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGa34lPsrJqq4yagMBquLEYPnZ0VCLy-v-767PTF0uvsS6tex11nvGUCGKg5ukO7n-LdDI670HFEB-AGBKF2SVJ9mqHLaVHeprMUKjCts2qsDCVnYv9h8zHDCfsaeoELtlKuoXg1bnkuw/s320/Middle-Way.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730381836646803298" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 204px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>(iii) Daoisme</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Diasaskan oleh Lao Zi dan Zhuang Zi</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Pemeliharaan semula jadi serta konsep <i>wuwei (non-action) </i> atau melakukan perbuatan spontan dan tanpa sebarang usaha.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Pemikiran falsafah Dao (daojia) dan aliran keagamaan Dao (daojiao)</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Daodejing, karya klasik mistik bagi aliran keagamaan Dao, kebanyakan ayatnya yang ringkas, penuh dengan konotasi yang terbuka kepada pelbagai tafsiran selain menerangkan mengenai aspek metafizik Dao.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSq4BwwQm-FSCIaDXI6p2HYUuRVtJcd97xD5KlybAVmZR5i70PjAo6NdfR05VrQLB2glL1NTBWkJF0uKDkP4l-l9VPsrzqbcpNSVtVlS5fYYAb1S0P8vQdBos2AWdhoN2bgLHBiMPr16E/s1600/Laozi.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSq4BwwQm-FSCIaDXI6p2HYUuRVtJcd97xD5KlybAVmZR5i70PjAo6NdfR05VrQLB2glL1NTBWkJF0uKDkP4l-l9VPsrzqbcpNSVtVlS5fYYAb1S0P8vQdBos2AWdhoN2bgLHBiMPr16E/s320/Laozi.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730382551850401618" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 293px; " /></a></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span><u>Lao Zi</u></span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYIH_Dhl-KqkJcMv9hxA3EBT4ZuJSNjUljYtQvR24JKYK5nuwLCvBs_hf9APSj6lT8AkUhBiO-EFVpq_46q9fXlqSCR2fVuTdlYA6i1HkCucWUAhUe6JZCIU0AHCNd7OHW0iLT_F7EYJE/s1600/zhuangzi.png"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYIH_Dhl-KqkJcMv9hxA3EBT4ZuJSNjUljYtQvR24JKYK5nuwLCvBs_hf9APSj6lT8AkUhBiO-EFVpq_46q9fXlqSCR2fVuTdlYA6i1HkCucWUAhUe6JZCIU0AHCNd7OHW0iLT_F7EYJE/s320/zhuangzi.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730382653224241778" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 174px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Zhuang Zi</div></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsN3CtznUsBKPyY23HHeg-P_Sxk_ITnd94ByN9XO7ZGsKZtKamC07sGwI9cQ4f7jUe7woCbtqneBEP-s03hkd1qW9VBJJz1NFQu4zT46Ny2Tn1MT7VLHoKdq27xyJ11u38sxY_a8VZxEc/s1600/71295-pic_1.jpg" style="text-align: left; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsN3CtznUsBKPyY23HHeg-P_Sxk_ITnd94ByN9XO7ZGsKZtKamC07sGwI9cQ4f7jUe7woCbtqneBEP-s03hkd1qW9VBJJz1NFQu4zT46Ny2Tn1MT7VLHoKdq27xyJ11u38sxY_a8VZxEc/s320/71295-pic_1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730383072786109122" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 221px; height: 320px; " /></a>Dao De Jing</div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>(iv) Moisme</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Mo Zi (479 SM - 381 SM), pengasas moisme.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Konsep penting dalam pemikiran aliran moisme:-</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><ul><li><span>kasih sayang sejagat (<i>jian'ai)</i></span></li><li><span>mengecam sikap suka berperang (<i>feigong</i>)</span></li><li><span>menyerah kepada nasib (<i>feiming</i>)</span></li><li><span>mengutamakan golongan cerdik pandai (<i>shangxian</i>)</span></li></ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzOB8hhS0QHoqAtrqa9gLn-j-HxAFxWTNL85_jjfRcftHaA-ZB0I2a4NW6R1o_iBzx95mr71sy2w5kzP8fT_a4VAeamtW2MgAR_KlCTkJJtOsSs27-07As8RcdXpNHVZycvlygRRsqI1o/s1600/20110714131652400.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzOB8hhS0QHoqAtrqa9gLn-j-HxAFxWTNL85_jjfRcftHaA-ZB0I2a4NW6R1o_iBzx95mr71sy2w5kzP8fT_a4VAeamtW2MgAR_KlCTkJJtOsSs27-07As8RcdXpNHVZycvlygRRsqI1o/s320/20110714131652400.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730383710938267394" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 289px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left; ">Mo Zi (479 SM - 381 SM)</span> </div><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>(v) Legalisme</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Han Fei Zi (dinasti Chin)</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>-Legalisme mengutamakan pemikiran sosiopoltik dan kekuasaan pihak pemerintah terhadap rakyatnya.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Pemerintahan berteraskan undang-undang adalah lebih baik daripada pemerintahan teladan.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Mengasaskan pembentukan kerajaan pusat autokrasi mutlak di negara China.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80-m6VNNe0VbT1UDoUinhCK6HAEGjOSMywGE58IZXUZgoTnoD7ZIugkaxhRN45E5cUa4zYIzbIHYQWQXby4UkUd4hLb14lSfas12rV6TJv649jTGWFu1DanPa_bVnLH2Gc-51amOhvQI/s1600/01.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi80-m6VNNe0VbT1UDoUinhCK6HAEGjOSMywGE58IZXUZgoTnoD7ZIugkaxhRN45E5cUa4zYIzbIHYQWQXby4UkUd4hLb14lSfas12rV6TJv649jTGWFu1DanPa_bVnLH2Gc-51amOhvQI/s320/01.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730384024989557970" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 277px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Han Fei Zi</div></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdu82tHB399zW728JWnfkrS7BQl6jNJ3Ru63STWAKS1vaiVjvzHr7Kp2HM3eDXNK8_IIpkp3KuOSXhrxtecKjk6gdnf6cMgcByWQllikhDD67KIKCr_gCZkA-xcWpXK8JZeeJeIZL32RE/s1600/31AF7HRGK5L._SL500_AA300_.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdu82tHB399zW728JWnfkrS7BQl6jNJ3Ru63STWAKS1vaiVjvzHr7Kp2HM3eDXNK8_IIpkp3KuOSXhrxtecKjk6gdnf6cMgcByWQllikhDD67KIKCr_gCZkA-xcWpXK8JZeeJeIZL32RE/s320/31AF7HRGK5L._SL500_AA300_.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730384574266233650" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 300px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>(vi) Islam</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>-Diperkenalkan melai peranan pedagang Islam Arab dan Parsi di selatan China.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Tokoh Islam Cina:-</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; "><ul style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><li><span>Wang Daiyu</span></li><li><span>Ma Zhu</span></li><li><span>Liu Zhi</span></li><li><span>Ma Dexin</span></li><li><span>Zheng He</span></li></ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMsHMT583uQJLDXFNjCTEgtdy39qui8FpZZNWAc9EW9Ph2HmaO_OoU1PL2gbBzph1DGz96KVdysBV-T1BPrgOOOWti9SbZbKxCDGBWQUIFUDH3O63GBtq282SmeENKDhAsq9lJpCjmcA/s1600/400px-Zhen_he.jpg" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMsHMT583uQJLDXFNjCTEgtdy39qui8FpZZNWAc9EW9Ph2HmaO_OoU1PL2gbBzph1DGz96KVdysBV-T1BPrgOOOWti9SbZbKxCDGBWQUIFUDH3O63GBtq282SmeENKDhAsq9lJpCjmcA/s320/400px-Zhen_he.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730385522416991266" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 214px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Zheng He (Haji Mahmud Shams</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b>)</b></span></span><span><span style="font-size: 100%;">, pelaut dan pengembara China</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">-Tokoh-tokoh ini bukan sahaja mempunyai kefahaman yang mendalam tentang ajaran Islam, tetapi juga pakar dalam klasik Cina.</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>- Kesan pengaruh atau dampak Islam terhadap kebudayaan Cina dapat dibuktikan dari segi fizikal melalui:-</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><ul style="font-style: normal; "><li><span>reka bentuk masjid</span></li><li><span>dewan membaca Al-Quran</span></li><li><span>tanah-tanah perkuburan di seluruh negara China</span></li></ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEEKRTAlFavfhfMCb50zmpg4gFRamn4SaX7HWJUy0BzNx4ZX9tv1Fy7wDMsmLNG8G5MXTBjDOdfgfpAT9Rw2bJ-cTRh7Bod_JL-FQOT9aYfp4dXqcE7rmjOTOZnrSNoy8-VZA84t-auZg/s1600/Hui_family_eid.jpg" style="font-style: normal; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEEKRTAlFavfhfMCb50zmpg4gFRamn4SaX7HWJUy0BzNx4ZX9tv1Fy7wDMsmLNG8G5MXTBjDOdfgfpAT9Rw2bJ-cTRh7Bod_JL-FQOT9aYfp4dXqcE7rmjOTOZnrSNoy8-VZA84t-auZg/s320/Hui_family_eid.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730386245655374802" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px; " /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBkr_35TXLbgmOlOfWzrAA72I_g3kSu3PS0ZGR8eXrMq3TCOPncbsxkFrJ4cYNkHsXoInznvJORttRmgt4X1yMEI0kldGxQhWtYOtB2OYZcxVJR8wI2cTPwdH3yfHn1k4GI8Fc9_WZm68/s1600/398px-Chinese-style_minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque.jpg" style="font-style: normal; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBkr_35TXLbgmOlOfWzrAA72I_g3kSu3PS0ZGR8eXrMq3TCOPncbsxkFrJ4cYNkHsXoInznvJORttRmgt4X1yMEI0kldGxQhWtYOtB2OYZcxVJR8wI2cTPwdH3yfHn1k4GI8Fc9_WZm68/s320/398px-Chinese-style_minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730385748155636210" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 213px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center; "><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); line-height: 15px; text-align: left; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); line-height: 15px; text-align: left; ">G</a>reat Mosque of Xi'an</i></span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOtKnmHWzpmHUdR0iewtj_Hd1vvgjXo_5RVy8vZCvSknlQoAfQCRLXIo03DMY4R-mhTWPu6L-9S5eyRiX27OiTw8nRlKYA4ApCBK02UXDf78ORZt1CrPLJRBNvFa7p1qG_9dhlBRFdqo/s1600/800px-Huaisheng_Mosque_Dec_2007.jpg" style="font-style: normal; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOtKnmHWzpmHUdR0iewtj_Hd1vvgjXo_5RVy8vZCvSknlQoAfQCRLXIo03DMY4R-mhTWPu6L-9S5eyRiX27OiTw8nRlKYA4ApCBK02UXDf78ORZt1CrPLJRBNvFa7p1qG_9dhlBRFdqo/s320/800px-Huaisheng_Mosque_Dec_2007.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730385670643176178" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a><div style="font-style: normal; text-align: center; "><i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaisheng_Mosque" title="Huaisheng Mosque" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-align: left; ">H</a>uaisheng Mosque</i></div><div style="font-style: normal; text-align: center; "><span><u><br /></u></span></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-2594656279378544512012-04-11T19:03:00.007-07:002012-04-11T19:51:41.215-07:00PANDANGAN SEMESTA TAMADUN CHINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 100%; ">(i) Konsep Tian</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Kepercayaan animisme, iaitu kepercayaan kepada binatang, tanaman, matahari, sungai serta kuasa-kuasa lain telah menjadi satu kepercayaan kepada masyarakat Cina.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Konsep Tian wujud sejak Zaman Dinasti Zhou.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >- Membawa maksud prinsip tertinggi di dalam alam semesta serta dalam konteks eitka Konfusianisme.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span ><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >(ii) Konsep Dao</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKhyphenhyphenBeEQmBd8fC-mf7vEsHLDWxqVxn50N5WBfissdbIorBaqTBM9rHK8H6Sp5xtzbCVHpgflsBzNS7kqFeLj5I4nkPrEDH7SSXUaQQG0jub4VV0qSsxISZ4Qp1DCniJo3trlkdQlPavSM/s1600/7817.jpg" style="font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKhyphenhyphenBeEQmBd8fC-mf7vEsHLDWxqVxn50N5WBfissdbIorBaqTBM9rHK8H6Sp5xtzbCVHpgflsBzNS7kqFeLj5I4nkPrEDH7SSXUaQQG0jub4VV0qSsxISZ4Qp1DCniJo3trlkdQlPavSM/s320/7817.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730334592284137682" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 313px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8d-pLO5eKrgRi12GN0lQ-bXaqeoBXavjsEKM4Xz1VUawsVPTAm85gpMtvAyxH7z74-XBlTFOJ2Tn3melA6rISuAojmtTLU7ZX1ljuuja1WRlMUMDI1PbxvneJ-8W-mMN8J5oz219qkE4/s1600/iching.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8d-pLO5eKrgRi12GN0lQ-bXaqeoBXavjsEKM4Xz1VUawsVPTAm85gpMtvAyxH7z74-XBlTFOJ2Tn3melA6rISuAojmtTLU7ZX1ljuuja1WRlMUMDI1PbxvneJ-8W-mMN8J5oz219qkE4/s320/iching.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730332660855659842" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 315px; height: 320px; " /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Maksud terawal merujuk kepada "jalan" atau "lorong".</div><div style="text-align: left;font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">-Sebelum kedatangan falsafah konfusius, Dao digunakan untuk menunjukkan satu jalan atau cara kelakuan atau tabiat, sama ada tabiat baik atau buruk.</div><div style="text-align: left;font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Selepas kedatangan Konfusius, para pengikut Daoisme menggunakan maksud metafizik untuk menunjukkan kepada keseluruhan alam semsta.</div><div style="text-align: left;font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">(iii) Konsep Taiji, Yin Yang dan Wuxing</div><div style="text-align: left; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-style: normal; ">- Kitab Yijang (</span><i>The Book of Changes)</i> menggunakan konsep Taiji untuk merujuk kepada kenyataan muktamad.</div><div style="text-align: left; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Manifestasi Yin dan Yang disifatkan sebagai proses pusingan atau putaran yang timbul dan tenggelam tanpa pengakhirannya.</div><div style="text-align: left; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Yin mewakili perempuan seperti pasif, sejuk, gelap, basah, lembut.</div><div style="text-align: left; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">- Yang mewakili lelaki seperti aktif, panas, cerah, kering, keras.</div><div style="text-align: left; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzp3T1VcCrmnS4bB-fe9LuGE5VBGJRzs3h01p6kMhTOdehYQys0_m_OKqP3gcbthPkP21VEKd8XtpBYpkGFnWbKoTY0DqPsHyQliuKkHvWGHGQRcPJ17XxLUpefSyp8LXpVl3PIi23ye0/s1600/xin_25203051713493902255726.jpg" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzp3T1VcCrmnS4bB-fe9LuGE5VBGJRzs3h01p6kMhTOdehYQys0_m_OKqP3gcbthPkP21VEKd8XtpBYpkGFnWbKoTY0DqPsHyQliuKkHvWGHGQRcPJ17XxLUpefSyp8LXpVl3PIi23ye0/s320/xin_25203051713493902255726.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730335092652922690" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 216px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Taiji</div><div style="text-align: left;">(iv) Keharmonian Tian dan Manusia</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Konsep eprpaduan antara Tian dengan manusia (<i>tian-ren heyi)</i> terbentuk berdasarkan sesuatu pernyataan bahawa insan merupakan sebahagian daripada Tian.</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Segala kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh kerajaan duniawi menghasilkan manifestasi fenomena luar biasa dalam alam semulajadi sebagai isyarat atau tanda kemarahan Tian dan amaran.</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Dong Zhongshu menunjukkan bahawa konsep ini berkaitkan dengan aliran pemikiran Tin-Yang dengan falsafah sosiopolitik Konfusianisme.</div></div><div style="text-align: left; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0OJ7Fr4K6aoIQeV2p1KSLkROhUuX6vJcd97eIOoaFAjv4mLgAtM7bBqP2IYqvsaPjX_k6r1VL60_ldpY1OcSW4lSezwH2yGeryEb_cX8WRgZ7ZxQhDAZdQ2D05OV2m6e1exmlMWD2s38/s1600/DongZhongShu.jpg" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0OJ7Fr4K6aoIQeV2p1KSLkROhUuX6vJcd97eIOoaFAjv4mLgAtM7bBqP2IYqvsaPjX_k6r1VL60_ldpY1OcSW4lSezwH2yGeryEb_cX8WRgZ7ZxQhDAZdQ2D05OV2m6e1exmlMWD2s38/s320/DongZhongShu.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730337732774647442" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 217px; height: 320px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Dong Zhongshu, seorang pujangga Konfusian di zaman Dinasti Han.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">(v) Prinsip Zhongyong (<i>The Golden Mean)</i></div><div style="text-align: left;">- Moral asas bersifat sederhana, seimbang dan bersesuaian.</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Norma masyarakat yang dapat menyumbang terhadap pencapaian keharmonian sejagat.</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Datong (<i>The Grand Unity)</i>, utopia Konfusian yang diibaratkan sebagai Jalan Agung.</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Jalan Agung dipercayai hanya akan dapat dicapai apabila segala objek atau benda di dunia ini dikongsi oleh semua pihak dengan adil dan saksama, tanpa membazir dan digunakan demi kepentingan umum.</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi14LLzy8b3oA9XzaK-tPsCZWnw6la2pkW7Zp4m5O-9poUUpStSWzzHaZ2a2BcQ6s6XwYGmzbKTY4d19oMIUN3y5OfI4pogKpe3Y7ArvxmuLiygTPTIHh74-I0yH-qx-G9ncdGJ5C57SzQ/s1600/Zhong+Yong.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi14LLzy8b3oA9XzaK-tPsCZWnw6la2pkW7Zp4m5O-9poUUpStSWzzHaZ2a2BcQ6s6XwYGmzbKTY4d19oMIUN3y5OfI4pogKpe3Y7ArvxmuLiygTPTIHh74-I0yH-qx-G9ncdGJ5C57SzQ/s320/Zhong+Yong.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730341355316832914" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-79986551979873769982012-04-11T06:02:00.005-07:002012-04-11T19:08:01.341-07:00BAHASA DAN SISTEM TULISAN CINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; ">- Sejarah mencatatkan bahawa Bahasa Cina adalah bahasa yang kekal dituturkan serta digunakan sehingga hari ini.</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: left; "><span>- Tulisan Cina dikenali sebagai Hanzi (tulisan Han) telah dicipta berdasarkan kaedah <i>liushu (six principles of writing)</i>:</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><ul><li style="text-align: left;"><span><i>xiang xing</i> (lambang bergambar)</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><i>zh'shi</i> (lambang petunjuk)</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><i>huiyi </i>(lambang petunjuk fikiran)</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><i>xing sheng</i> (gabungan bentuk-bunyi)</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><i>zhuanzhu (mutual semantic transfer)</i></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><i>jiajie (loan character</i>)</span></li></ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggFD8qSKAp6Jx-VUGjilXpF5qh5HS2piAhLAgUMH4m94-qJ9F7cRyXpxtFe9jscCRwYjTfDymvHUMAQ04cKQL5uEjM_PlbjCxbfROfwwAC_dlEOaww9KkRKSUZBEwMSCdcNOwVH1Gc69Q/s1600/chinese_stages.gif"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggFD8qSKAp6Jx-VUGjilXpF5qh5HS2piAhLAgUMH4m94-qJ9F7cRyXpxtFe9jscCRwYjTfDymvHUMAQ04cKQL5uEjM_PlbjCxbfROfwwAC_dlEOaww9KkRKSUZBEwMSCdcNOwVH1Gc69Q/s320/chinese_stages.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730157928017212194" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 281px; " /></a></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: center; "><span>Contoh transformasi tulisan Cina</span></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: center; "><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlDmtUdJFXPz9uQzWjGUvuRLTP7yyi43PRJM4myO1q06auNQmx49h3-e4H-Er3huAGGyuGLnMrBBBC2ABoFaE1a51V_ZFhpkgzAawC7noUEf1YzhmxVI1OGvLyo0Ygs9tcZIAX9ly7PHA/s1600/hiragana.gif" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlDmtUdJFXPz9uQzWjGUvuRLTP7yyi43PRJM4myO1q06auNQmx49h3-e4H-Er3huAGGyuGLnMrBBBC2ABoFaE1a51V_ZFhpkgzAawC7noUEf1YzhmxVI1OGvLyo0Ygs9tcZIAX9ly7PHA/s320/hiragana.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730329780365969666" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 218px; " /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span >Jepun juga menggunakan tulisan Cina sebagai sebahagian daripada tulisan mereka.</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-20140418525500312582012-04-11T01:25:00.005-07:002012-04-11T02:08:47.585-07:00MASYARAKAT DAN BUDAYA TAMADUN CHINA<span style="font-style: normal; ">Terdapat TIGA kumpulan bangsa terbesar, iaitu:-</span><div style="font-style: normal; "><span >(i) Kumpulan Yan-Huang (kaum Yang Di dan Huang);</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; "><span >(ii) Kumpulan Feng-Yang</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; "><span >(iii) Kumpulan Miao-Man</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; "><span ><br /></span></div><div style="font-style: normal; "><span >Peperangan, berinteraksi, berkahwin campur, dan tiru-meniru budaya dikalangar bangsa ini telah mewujudkan satu bangsa yang kuat, dikenali sebagai bangsa Tionghoa (Zhonghua minzu).</span></div><div style="font-style: normal; "><span ><br /></span></div><div><span >Peradaban Yangshao yang menjadikan sekoi (<i>millet</i>) sebagai makanan asasi telah menggalakkan perkembangan dalam kegiatan pertanian (benih padi).</span></div><div><span >Contoh: Lembah Yangzi, selatan Hangzhou, daerah Zhejiang.</span></div><div><span ><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6q205m-Gf46veiaZGEcZqjsMT8iZibwTAtjTDlEbj0eFKx00iKh8buOtfqWIp6T-W6nT187lVkNmVHjp6PrnPQdUsxnODWDKy8ImI2lPu0d_YJzQBf4OcM6nlPmHnpi489D0EHbQs-ag/s1600/stock-photo-agricultural-land-beside-the-yangtze-river-chang-jiang-river-in-yunnan-province-china-78367072.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6q205m-Gf46veiaZGEcZqjsMT8iZibwTAtjTDlEbj0eFKx00iKh8buOtfqWIp6T-W6nT187lVkNmVHjp6PrnPQdUsxnODWDKy8ImI2lPu0d_YJzQBf4OcM6nlPmHnpi489D0EHbQs-ag/s320/stock-photo-agricultural-land-beside-the-yangtze-river-chang-jiang-river-in-yunnan-province-china-78367072.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730065092234497906" style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 227px; " /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI-INRjriN9ZjnJZ1M-N5IXM_VcFMHiRBdzgsjU9OXiQ1721QGE-x4YhhPssUeyWRXePVKfg8BXkiZtiOwySEmQxtXd8kshb9dXYGXtMTbsaZMzBKWO74mTczzYNwSllTE35TT4kg77MM/s1600/TotallyChinaItinerary3TailormadeHolidaysChina-55561245419633_800_600.jpg" style="font-size: 100%; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI-INRjriN9ZjnJZ1M-N5IXM_VcFMHiRBdzgsjU9OXiQ1721QGE-x4YhhPssUeyWRXePVKfg8BXkiZtiOwySEmQxtXd8kshb9dXYGXtMTbsaZMzBKWO74mTczzYNwSllTE35TT4kg77MM/s320/TotallyChinaItinerary3TailormadeHolidaysChina-55561245419633_800_600.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730067179243360754" style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3040365942962782780.post-9533461462501788872012-04-11T00:35:00.011-07:002012-04-11T01:24:30.128-07:00KONSEP TAMADUN CHINA<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; ">(i) Kepercayaan Alam Sekitar</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>Kepercayaan kepada bencana alam adalah ketentuan Tuhan. Ini menyebabkan mereka menyembah alam sekitar yang dianggap mampu mengubah sesuatu keadaan.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span>Contohnya: masyarakat Lembah Hwang Ho.</span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; "><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 210px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN3KAWNunIFSJgInA4NcMJusp-ST_ns-8dDwRvQF0z7yT7OdC-zOKbSJR-Pp7BHfwkQoRiwx-IdDqnW8HhZYsLxFh5hQRCjJioaBmGR34ZubQ1L52xHcStN4npynKzr-UwG2MK-PcXVW0/s320/800px-Hukou_Waterfall.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730046277394664930" /></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span >(ii) Kepercayaan kepada Penyembahan Roh Nenek Moyang</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><span>Kepercayaan terhadap nenek moyang mempunyai pengaruh dalam kehidupan seharian. Mereka juga memohon pertolongan nenek moyang melalui ramalan menerusi pendeta Cina dengan menggunakan tulang nujum yang ditulis dengan pelbagai soalan, dihempaskan dan garisan-garisan yang pecah tersebut akan dibuat ramalan.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><span>Contohnya: masyarakat Shang dan Maharaja Shang (Upacara pengorbanan untuk memuja semangat roh nenek moyang yang diketuai oleh bomoh.)</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 100%; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9cBC3yNtq4OWwyQxeosIuE6iumQ8VYsxz2_eHzJFWstDhDJ1L4q59G9qLJsIcoIugBq-xHwoYlsgih73Q7OlNKwYQMPsWOFoF5cdNbMpWFLgosKx1HNlY13OX7j-Gnk24vh5spIxjdZ0/s320/picture13.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730050048407880754" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 220px; " /></span><span >(iii) Kepercayaan kepada Anak Syurga</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><span>- Mengesahkan pemerintahan sesebuah dinasti.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><span>- Dilakukan dengan menonjolkan unsur suci dan sakti yang mampu menarik keyakinan dan ketaatan rakyat kepada pemerintah tersebut.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><span>- Perantara antara bumi dengan syurga.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><span>Contoh: Dinasti Chou</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCRIiq-H8hd76ndpuAMcd_hyphenhyphenf62u4u075u7cRsIOJoJmUmawjhqH1zWUWUIlETMLSbXSrj_YXfmy8gYY4E7dnVYeOhad6jcW1IgH5On6qhuVBi_EBevJf-MCB8meR8FdKAuvWIhTAHDs4/s320/mandate.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730051952703695618" style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 238); display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 263px; height: 320px; " /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2i5fo0We1Tc3fPqm-wjMEQ2zVUoDvZoLQoCR12vsu9FA-9ENk001h643sv3G5YVkU0BeEU1QzEhf2-O22UrmNl6-lCbHVmVgqUiGz8zVLZxFWYfhXGmJVyzkRU4q5x009y8vtnCwl5E/s1600/05.jpg" style="font-size: medium; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2i5fo0We1Tc3fPqm-wjMEQ2zVUoDvZoLQoCR12vsu9FA-9ENk001h643sv3G5YVkU0BeEU1QzEhf2-O22UrmNl6-lCbHVmVgqUiGz8zVLZxFWYfhXGmJVyzkRU4q5x009y8vtnCwl5E/s320/05.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730055939068148546" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 239px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><span >(iv) Kepercayaan kepada Dewa</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; text-align: left; ">Kepercayaan terhadap dewa dipercayai dapat membantu mengawal dan meningkatkan hasil tanaman kerana mereka percaya bahawa semua dewa berada di syurga dan mempunyai kuasa menolong manusia di dunia untuk berbuat baik atau jahat.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; text-align: left; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Hgd-plepmAdCVEwh7uwT1C2dYKM_3Be96NWvAgfPPUQOs9jxW1FIUby_lY5JryS-pXUOyDkZwqHoGsfUZ8BRl3VhuWcqJJogDFliPOYT6MAwSb36imd6lQ0B3QSesdPeLutbrjI_RY0/s1600/chinese-god-of-wealth-fortune.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Hgd-plepmAdCVEwh7uwT1C2dYKM_3Be96NWvAgfPPUQOs9jxW1FIUby_lY5JryS-pXUOyDkZwqHoGsfUZ8BRl3VhuWcqJJogDFliPOYT6MAwSb36imd6lQ0B3QSesdPeLutbrjI_RY0/s320/chinese-god-of-wealth-fortune.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5730053091692839410" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 320px; " /></a><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1